Women's Voices in Ukrainian Literature
Dniprova Chayka
(1861-1927)
Biographical Sketch
Lyudmyla Berezyna-Vasylevska was born in southern Ukraine near the estuary of the
Dnipro River. Her father was a severe and autocratic Russian village priest who made life
very difficult for his family, and it was her kind and loving Ukrainian mother who
protected her and nurtured her innate love of beauty.
As the family moved from village to village, Lyudmyla developed an intuitive
appreciation of the rich and varied customs, beliefs, folk songs, and folk tales of her
people. She received a good formal education and, after completing her schooling in a
private gymnasium in Odessa, worked as a private tutor, a teacher in a village school, and
a high school instructor in Odessa.
It was during this period in her life that Lyudmyla embarked on her lifelong labour of
love—collecting Ukrainian folk songs and folklore materials. Her youthful enthusiasm
for the oral traditions of the peasants led to her participation in an
archaeological-ethnographic conference held in Odessa in 1884; at this conference the
aspiring young writer presented three notebooks containing an impressive collection of
folk songs.
In 1885, Lyudmyla married Feofan Vasylevsky, a Ukrainian historian and publicist, who
worked as a statistician. An ardent Ukrainian patriot, he actively opposed the tsarist
decrees that severely restricted the use of the Ukrainian language and impeded the
development of Ukrainian literature and culture within the Russian Empire. Because of his
involvement in Ukrainian organizations, he was released from his position, and the young
couple fell upon hard times.
There were periods when both Lyudmyla and her husband found themselves under police
surveillance because of their participation in subversive political movements. Her
publications aroused the ire of the authorities; in 1905, she was arrested briefly for her
writings, and her manuscripts were confiscated.
Lyudmyla Berezyna-Vasylevska, a modest and unassuming woman who wanted to protect her
privacy, chose to write under the pseudonym of "Dniprova Chayka" ("The
Seagull of the Dnipro"). This nom de plume was a most fitting one for a writer of a
romantic bent, for not only was she born near the Dnipro River, but, in Ukrainian poetry
and folk songs, the image of a lamenting seagull symbolizes a mother weeping for her
children, or Ukraine bemoaning the sad fate of her people.
Dniprova Chayka published her first works—lyrical poetry, prose poems, and short
stories—in journals and newspapers in both Eastern and Western Ukraine. She was
strongly encouraged in her literary efforts by Ivan Franko, the leading writer and critic
of the day, who held her talent in high regard. Warmly welcomed into the ranks of the
literati, she counted many prominent Ukrainian writers, including the women authors
featured in this series, among her friend and acquaintances.
In addition to her poetical works and short stories, Dniprova Chayka wrote poetry and
fairy tales for children, and her great love of music led her to write the libretto for
several children's operettas that have become Ukrainian classics, such as Koza
Dereza (The Roguish Goat), Pan Kotsky (Sir Cat) and Zymova kralya (The Snow
Queen). The scores for these operettas were written by Mykola Lysenko, a famous
Ukrainian composer, who also set several of her lyrical poems to music and collaborated
with her in transcribing the melodies of the folk songs from her collection.
Following the birth of her three children, ill health and material circumstances forced
Lyudmyla Berezyna-Vasylevska to abandon her writing and devote her time and energy to the
demands of motherhood. She ensured that all her children had the best possible education:
her older daughter studied medicine in France, while her son and younger daughter
graduated from specialized post-secondary institutes in Kyiv.
In an entry made in her personal journal in the early 1880s, the young Lyudmyla wrote:
"I feel like a chrysalis that is being transformed into a butterfly. But a
butterfly's wings unfold in response to the sun, warmth, and the spring air, while my
wings grow in response to the love of those who surround me."
Unfortunately, although her husband was very fond of her, he did not understand her
creative nature; therefore, after their children were grown, they separated and, until her
death in 1927, she lived with her older daughter in Kyiv.
In addition to writing in Ukrainian, Dniprova Chayka wrote lyrical poetry in Russian
and translated Russian and Swedish literature into Ukrainian. Many of her works were
published posthumously on the basis of archival materials that have since been lost.
Dniprova Chayka was one of the first writers to introduce into Ukrainian literature the
new literary movement of Symbolism which, by the 1890s, was spreading from France through
all of Europe, and her lyrical poems and prose poems contributed to the development of
Ukrainian Modernism. Her short stories, however, written under the influence of populism,
belong to the ethnographic-realistic school of literature.
©1998 Language Lanterns Publications
ISBN 0-9683899-1-0
Sketch by Roma Franko; Edited by Sonia Morris
Volumes this author appears in:
In the Dark of the Night
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